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Over 40% of women aged 18 to 49 suffer from sexual dysfunction. In women, sexual dysfunction is classified by four disorders: lack of sexual desire or low libido, the inability to become aroused, inability to achieve orgasm and painful intercourse. Low desire is often due to work stress, school stress or relationship issues. Sexual pain has many causes, including vaginal irritation and dryness some women experience while taking the birth control pill. Another problem young women can experience is vaginismus, which is an involuntary spasm of a woman’s pelvic floor muscles that makes it very difficult and painful to achieve vaginal penetration. In addition to affecting a person’s relationships and quality of life, sexual dysfunction can signal a serious underlying disease.
Studying female sexual dysfunction from a biological perspective had a surprising start: the ED drug Female Viagra.
It was Viagra in men that opened the door to find out more about the way women work sexually. Up until 1998, gynecologists were looking at female sexual dysfunction as a psychological problem. But if there’s a physical problem in men, why wouldn’t the same go for women? It really does take more to get women in mood, drug makers find out. That’s why the search for a women’s version of the sex pill is proving tricky.

‘Pink Viagra’ for sale

10 years ago, the Food and Drug Administration officially approved Viagra. And about five minutes after word of Pfizer’s medicine went global, the question first was asked: Where is the women’s version of Viagra? Give us another five years, say the most optimistic researchers and doctors. Though it’s unclear exactly how many women would ask for a prescription, no one doubts that the first company that gets to market a remedy for female sexual dysfunction (FSD), as it’s formally known, will earn a fortune. So far, the search for "pink Viagra” is proving trickier than anticipated.
With men, all a medication needs to produce is arousal, a.k.a. an erection. A guy will conjure lust on his own. A woman, on the other hand, can have the physical signs of arousal and remain uninterested in sex. That’s why Viagra for men doesn’t work for women, even though it produces roughly the same physical effect — rushing blood to the nether regions — on them as on men.
In fact, arousal for women does not always lead to desire: Pfizer had a hard time grasping that concept. The company tested 3,000 women over the course of eight years before finally abandoning hope, in 2004, that Viagra itself could be the female Viagra.
A number of drug companies say they can clear the FDA’s bar. In January, clinical trials began across the country for Pro-Erex, a testosterone containing medication, and Herbal Testosterone as an effective and safe way to multiply testosterone level by 500%. A German company, Boehringer Ingelheim, discovered that a drug it developed for treating depression didn’t lift anyone’s mood but boosted desire in women. It hopes to win FDA approval in 2009.
The sooner the better, say many physicians in the field of sex medicine. They describe FSD as a silent epidemic. Studies have found that most women who are distressed by their sex lives are too embarrassed to discuss it with their doctors. Those who do speak up are often told they need a shrink.
However, the success of Viagra redefined impotence as "erectile dysfunction" and revealed that a lot of men didn’t need to plumb their psyches at all; they needed greater vasodilation of the corpus cavernosum. In other words, they needed a Viagra blue pill.

Spring is indeed a beautiful time of the year. Its only downside: the allergens.
I’ll miss plenty about this place after I graduate next month. That won’t include the allergy season, though. Around the beginning of April every year, I start to itch my eyes uncontrollably. However, Allegra dosage or prescription eye-drop allayed the discomfort.
The Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America has identified the "100 most challenging places to live with allergies" in the spring season of 2008, based on pollen scores, number of allergy medications used per patient and number of allergy specialists for per patient. Madison was given a ranking of 29, ten spots worse than last year. I can only imagine what it’s like in Lexington, Kentucky, which finished with the distinction of the top ranking.

Spring, for millions of people, is not a friend. Waking hours are often consumed with sneezing, coughing and wheezing. You either can’t breathe through your nose, or you can’t stop it from running. Your body itches — your ears, throat, the back of your knees. And, for some, your relationship with your cat or dog is in peril. Ah, allergies!
Your attack plan for spring sniffling could range from FDA-approved allergy medications, to holistic remedies, to controlling your environment. Of course, you could move to a country where pollen, grass, mold, dust mites and pet dander don’t exist. Or more practically, you can take steps to make the time between now and the first frost more bearable.
Medications
There are both allergy prescription drugs and over-the-counter options. Antihistamines come with or without a decongestant. First-generation drugs, such as Benadryl, carry more side effects, including drowsiness.
Claritin and Zyrtec, second-generation non-sedating antihistamines, also are available over the counter. This is the first allergy season since FDA approved Zyrtec as an over-the-counter drug. Claritin has been available for several years.
People with other underlying medical conditions should check with their family doctors before using a decongestant. Nasal sprays can lessen symptoms. Nasonex and Flonase are among the prescription offerings.
And there are options from A to Z for itchy eyes, as in Alaway and Zaditor, both over-the-counter eyedrops.
People with severe allergies are good candidates for allergy shots, which are designed to increase your tolerance to the allergens that cause the problems in the first place. Allergy shots are given regularly, gradually decreasing in frequency over the course of several months or years.
With the wide array of over-the-counter drugs available these days, it’s tempting to skip a visit to the doctor and try to treat yourself. But finding the right approach may not be simple.

Holistic options

For those seeking a more holistic approach, there are always natural remedies for mild allergy symptoms. One remedy for hay fever is to drink a glass of warm water with juice from half of a lemon every day for a week. Acupuncture also has been shown to be successful in treating hay fever symptoms.

Environmental controls

This is one of the most important steps and one of the hardest to do, especially if you’ve waited impatiently all winter to enjoy the warmer weather.
Keep your windows closed and let the air conditioner run. Don’t hang clothes out to dry; you’ll just bring pollen inside. Wear a mask when you’re mowing the lawn, raking leaves or gardening. Wash your pet often to reduce dander, for example: if you do have animals, keep them out of the bedroom.

Cost consciousness

When drugs like over the counter Zyrtec become available, they become more expensive for consumers whose health insurance no longer covers the cost. But for those with no insurance or with high co-pays, it’s a welcome relief. It may be worth the time to shop around.
Depending on the drug, and whether a generic equivalent is available, you might be able to find it much cheaper at an online pharmacy store in bulk than at a local drugstore.
There’s "no reason on Earth" to use more expensive brand-name drugs if a generic equivalent exists, said Dr. Sidney Wolfe, director of the Public Citizen’s Health Research Group and a lead author of "Worst Pills, Best Pills: A Consumer’s Guide to Avoiding Drug-Induced Death or Illness."
"Doctors have the responsibility to educate their patients that generic allergy drugs are just as good as name drugs."

5-years study results showed that Cod Liver Oil can reduce the amount of anti-inflammatory drugs taken by Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients by over 30 percent. Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as Ibuprofen and Aspirin, are heavily prescribed to relieve severe rheumatoid arthritis pain for those with Rheumatoid Arthritis. However, fears are growing among consumers about the dangers of long-term use, with reported side-effects including stomach bleeding, high blood pressure and an increased risk of heart attacks.
The research was carried out by investigators from Rheumatology units at Dundee and Edinburgh Universities. RA patients were recruited over a 5-years period and randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups: Seven Seas Cod Liver Oil 10g/day, or a control group provided with a dummy pill. Results showed that by taking Cod Liver Oil daily, nearly 40 percent of patients were able to reduce their anti-inflammatory intake by over 30 percent. Most importantly, this research showed that the reduction in intake of anti-inflammatory drugs in those taking the Cod Liver Oil supplements was not associated with any worsening of pain or disease activity.
Commenting on the study, the principal investigator Professor Jill Belch at Ninewells Hospital and Medical School Dundee says, "This study offers hope to many Rheumatoid Arthritis patients for whom Cod Liver Oil supplements can offer a natural pain management treatment without the harmful side effects associated with the use of anti-inflammatory drugs. It reinforces previous research that has shown Cod Liver Oil, and its high content of Omega-3 essential fatty acids, to have significant anti-inflammatory properties in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis."
Ailsa Bosworth, CEO and Founder of the National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society says, "People with Rheumatoid Arthritis still rely heavily on anti-inflammatories, even though the safety of these; drugs is under scrutiny. It’s in this context that this new research provides some promising new evidence that Cod Liver Oil may reduce the need for anti-inflammatories. We look forward to more research in this area, which will hopefully show further clinical breakthroughs and provide more good news for Rheumatoid Arthritis patients."
Cod Liver Oil is a rich natural source of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid Omega-3, also known as DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid). Omega-3 is referred to as ‘essential’ as it cannot be produced by the body and can therefore only be obtained through the diet. Omega-3 is found almost exclusively in oily fish. Some Omega-3 nutrients can be found in flaxseed oil, walnuts and dark green vegetables. However, the richest form is found in oily fish such as mackerel, herring and sardines. The Seven Seas Cod Liver Oil range provides a product for every need and taste from Traditional and Once-a-Day formulations for helping maintain everyday general good health through to High Strength which provides a higher dose of Omega-3 to help maintain supple and flexible joints.

Chinese ants show promise for fighting Arthritis diseases. Chemists in China report identification of substances in a certain species of ants that give hopes for treating arthritis, hepatitis, and other diseases. For centuries, ants have been used as a health food or drink ingredient all over China to treat a wide range of health conditions, including arthritis and hepatitis. Researchers suspect that these health effects are due to anti-inflammatory and pain-killing substances in the ants. However, the exact chemicals responsible for its alleged medicinal effects are largely unknown.

In the new study, Zhi-Hong Jiang and colleagues analyzed extracts from a particular species of Chinese medicinal ant (Polyrhacis lamellidens) commonly used in folk medicine. The researchers identified at least two polyketides, potent natural products also found in plants, fungi and bacteria that have shown promise in studies by others for fighting arthritis, bacterial infections, and a variety of other diseases.

Some hypertensive patients may need to take higher dosages of medication during winter months to control their high blood pressure, a Mexican study suggests. The findings were presented here at the XV Argentine Congress of Hypertension.
Dr. Salvador Fonseca-Reyes and José Parra-Carrillo, of the University of Guadalajara’s Cardiovascular Research Unit, studied 100 hypertensive patients whose blood pressure was measured in their hospital office once in every season. They found that only 32 percent of patients had their blood pressure controlled in winter months, compared with about 50 percent in spring and summer.
"If patients had shown previously to have their blood pressure controlled, it might be advisable to increase temporarily the dose of drugs during the cold months," Dr. Fonseca-Reyes told Reuters Health.
In Guadalajara, where the study took place, temperatures can range from a low of 6 degrees C (42.8 F) in winter to a high of 34 degrees C (93.2 F) in summer. The researchers found that average blood pressure was higher in autumn (142.9/83.5 mm Hg) and winter (141.2/84.1 mm Hg) than in spring (133.6/80.7 mm Hg) or summer (137/80.8 mm Hg).
According to Dr. Fonseca-Reyes, the seasonal effect on blood pressure could not be attributed to different adherence to pharmacological treatment or weight gain in cold months. "Causes have yet to be found," he said.
If the "winter effect" is confirmed, he advised, doctors should factor that into decision making. "Perhaps you have to wait (instead of changing or adding drugs). Or increase the dose of the drugs until winter ends," Dr. Fonseca-Reyes suggested.

Breast cancer patients who carry the wild-type gene required for tamoxifen metabolism may have comparable risk of recurrence when taking tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor, according to modeling data. Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) converts tamoxifen into its metabolically active form called endoxifen. The enzymes encoded by different variants of the CYP2D6 gene metabolize tamoxifen at different rates. For example, women who carry two copies of the CYP2D6*4 allele have less endoxifen in their blood than women who carry two copies of the wild-type allele for CYP2D6. The lower serum concentration of endoxifen may make tamoxifen less effective for the women with the CYP2D6 *4 allele. However, two large randomized trials, which did not test women for their CYP2D6 genotype, showed that breast cancer survivors who take aromatase inhibitors reduce their risk of recurrence more than those taking tamoxifen.

To estimate whether women with wild-type CYP2D6 might derive more clinical benefit from tamoxifen than from aromatase inhibitors, Rinaa Punglia, M.D., of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston and colleagues created a mathematical model. The researchers used estimates about the risk of recurrence from past randomized trials.

Punglia and colleagues calculated that women with wild-type CYP2D6 who take tamoxifen would have approximately the same reduction in the risk of recurrence as was seen for the whole population of women who took aromatase inhibitors in the clinical trial. Therefore, women with wild-type CYP2D6 genotype may derive as much benefit from tamoxifen as from aromatase inhibitors.

"Our model raises the possibility that tailored therapy based on pharmacogenomics could be considered for such women," the authors write.
In an accompanying editorial, Daniel Hayes, M.D., of the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center in Ann Arbor and colleagues review what is known about tamoxifen metabolism and CYP2D6 allele types and their impact on the risk of recurrence for breast cancer patients.
The editorialists comment that the conclusions by Punglia and colleagues are important because they have brought the field of pharmacogenomics to the attention of breast cancer physicians. However, the analysis was based on limited data and on modeling assumptions and must be viewed with caution. "We do not recommend routine CYP2D6 genotyping for all patients who are considering tamoxifen, although we recognize that there are already selected circumstances in which such knowledge might be helpful," they write.
This research was reported April 29 in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

Women at high risk for breast cancer who have undergone a hysterectomy appear to benefit from taking tamoxifen to prevent breast cancer, according to an extended follow-up of the Italian Randomized Tamoxifen Trial. The initial findings from the Italian trial showed no significant reduction in breast cancer risk with tamoxifen use. However, the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project’s Breast Cancer Treatment /Prevention Trial found that tamoxifen reduced the risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.

Umberto Veronesi, M.D., of the European Institute of Oncology in Milan, and colleagues randomly assigned 5,408 healthy women who had a hysterectomy to receive tamoxifen or a placebo for 5 years.

After 11 years of follow-up, 136 women developed breast cancer–74 in the placebo group and 62 in the tamoxifen group. Among low-risk women, rates of breast cancer were similar in the tamoxifen and placebo groups. But for women at high risk, breast cancer rates were lower for those taking tamoxifen. Women taking tamoxifen experienced more side effects, including hot flashes and heart problems, than women in the placebo group.
"A complete assessment of the baseline cardiovascular risk should become an important component of counseling women on the use of tamoxifen, particularly in the prevention setting," the authors write.

Chronic pain is often seen in patients who receive a "Pfannenstiel" incision as part of a c-section or other operation, Dutch researchers report in the journal Obstetrics & Gynecology. In moderate-to-severe cases, the pain often stems from compression of nearby nerves.
The Pfannenstiel incision is a curved incision just below the bikini line. While it is often used to provide safe access for c-sections and hysterectomy, it has also been used for a number of non-gynecologic operations, including appendectomy, prostate removal, and hernia repair, the authors note. In recent years, the incision has even been used for various laparoscopic "key-hole" type operations.
Despite its popularity, there have been reports linking the incision with chronic pain. To explore this further, Dr. Maarten J. Loos and colleagues, from Maxima Medical Centre in Veldhoven, conducted a pain survey of 866 women who had a Pfannenstiel incision for a c-section or hysterectomy performed between 2003 and 2004. In-person interviews and physical examinations were performed for all patients describing moderate or severe pain.
80% of patients (690 women) responded to the survey. One third of the patients reported having chronic pain, but only 7 percent considered the pain moderate or severe. Still, 8.9 percent of respondents said that the pain impaired daily activities.
Undergoing more than one operation that used a Pfannenstiel incision, experiencing numbness, and undergoing emergency c-section were all associated with chronic pain.
Of the 32 patients with moderate-to-severe pain, 17 had evidence of nerve compression, the findings show.
"Although long-term pain after a Pfannenstiel incision has been identified in some earlier studies, the present study demonstrates the large prevalence of Pfannenstiel pain with contributing risk factors," Loos’ team concludes.

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